Stock Market

Stock Market:

A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers ( a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks ( also called shares, which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds.

Stock Exchange:

A stock exchange is an exchange where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell shares of stock, bonds and other securities. Many large companies have their stocks listed on a stock exchange. This makes the stock more liquid and thus more attractive to many investors. The exchange may also act as a guarantor of settlement. Other stocks may be traded " over the counter" "OTC", that is , through a dealer. Some large companies will have their stock listed on more than one exchange in different countries, so as to attract international investors.

Stock exchanges may also cover other of securities, such as fixed interest securities ( bonds) or (less frequently) derivatives which are more likely to be traded OTC.

A potential buyer bids a specific price for a share, and a potential seller asks a specific price for the same stock. Buying or selling in the market means that you will accept any price or bid price for the stock. When the bid and ask match the prices, the sale takes place in the first place, on a first-come basis if there are multiple bidders at a given price.

The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, thus providing a market. Exchanges provide real-time trading information on listed securities, which facilitates price discovery.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a physical exchange, with a hybrid market for placing orders electronically from any location as well as on the trading floor. Orders executed on the trading floor enter through members of the exchange and go down to a floor broker who electronically sends the floor trading post to the designated market maker ("DMM") for that stock to trade the order. Submits form. The DMM's job is to maintain a two-party market, ordering security to buy and sell when there is no other buyer or seller. If a bid-ask spread exists, no trading occurs immediately - in this case DMMs can use their own resources (money or stock) to close the gap. Once a trade is made, the details are reported on "tape" and sent back to the brokerage firm, which then informs the investor who placed the order. Computers especially play an important role for program trading.

NASDAQ is an electronic exchange, where all are traded on computer networks. The process is similar to the New York Stock Exchange. One or more NASDAQ market makers will always provide a bid and ask for the price at which they will always buy or sell their 'stock'.

Paris Bourse, now part of Euronext, is an order-driven, electronic stock exchange. It was automated in the late 1980s. Prior to the 1980s, it included an open outer exchange. Stockbrokers met on the trading floor of Palais Brongniart. In 1986, the CATS trading system was introduced, and the order matching system was fully automated.

Stock trading people would prefer to trade on the most popular exchange because it gives the largest number of potential counter parties (buyer to a seller, seller to a buyer) and probably the best price. However, there have always been options such as brokers trying to bring parties together to trade outside the exchange. Some third markets that were popular are Instinet, and later Island and Archipelago (the latter two being acquired by Nasdaq and NYSE, respectively). One advantage is that it avoids the commission of the exchange. However, it also has problems such as adverse selection. Financial regulators have investigated deep pools. 

Market participants
Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors (eg, pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, investor groups, banks, and various financial institutions), and publicly traded entities. Also trade in corporations. His own stock robo-advisors, which automate investments for individuals, are also key partners.

Market participation demographics
Indirect vs direct investment
Indirect investment involves indirectly own shares, such as mutual funds or exchange traded funds. Direct investment involves direct ownership of shares. 

Direct ownership of the stock by individuals increased from 17.8% in 1992 to 17.9% in 2007, while the average value of these holdings increased from $ 14,778 to $ 17,000.  Indirect participation in retirement accounts increased from 39.3% in 1992 to 52.6% in 2007, with the average value of these accounts doubling from $ 22,000 to $ 45,000 at the time.  Rydqvist, Spizman, and Strebulaev distinguish differential growth in direct and indirect holdings as a tax in the United States. Investments in the two most common vehicles of indirect participation, pension funds and 401ks, are made only when funds are withdrawn from accounts. Conversely, the money used to buy the stock directly is subject to taxation as they generate any dividends or capital gains for the holder. Thus the current tax code encourages individuals to invest indirectly. 

Income and wealth participation

There is a considerable difference in the value of hold in participation rates and income levels. In the lower quintal of income, 5.5% of households own their own stock and 10.7% hold indirectly in the form of retirement accounts.  The top determination of income has a direct participation rate of 47.5% and an indirect participation rate in the form of retirement accounts of 89.6%.  The average price of a directly owned stock in the lower quintal of income is $ 4,000 and at the top level of 2007 earnings is $ 78,600. 

The stock market - the well-to-do adventure serial - would not be a stock market if it had no ups and downs. (...) and has many other distinctive features. In addition to the economic advantages and disadvantages of stock exchanges - the advantage that they provide a free flow of capital for industrial expansion, for example, and the disadvantage is that they provide all the convenient way for ominous, sedentary and naivety Do to lose their money - their development has created a complete pattern of social behavior, which is the estimated response to customs, language, and given events. Is accomplished with users. Truly extraordinary is the speed with which this pattern became fully developed after establishment, in 1611, the world's first significant stock exchange - a roofless courtyard in Amsterdam - and the level to which it persists (with variations, this is true ) On the New York Stock Exchange in the nineteen-sixties. Currently stock trading in the United States - a splendid giant enterprise with millions of miles of private telegraph wires, computers that can read and copy the Manhattan Telephone Directory in three minutes, and over twenty million stockholder participants - seemingly Will be A handful of seventeenth-century Dutch people drench in the rain. But the traces of the area are very similar. The first stock exchange was, inadvertently, a laboratory in which new human reactions unfolded. By the same token, the New York Stock Exchange is also a social test tube, contributing to the self-understanding of the human species forever. The behavior of leading Dutch stock traders is depicted in a book called "Delusions of Illusions" written by a rider on the Amsterdam market named Joseph de la Vega; Originally published in 1688, (...) "
- John Brooks, in "Business Adventures" (1968) 
“Business ventures with many shareholders became popular with commended contracts in medieval Italy (Greif 2006, 286), and Malmendier (2009) provides evidence that shareholder companies return to ancient Rome. Yet the title of the world's first stock market is worthy of seventeenth-century Amsterdam, where an active secondary market in the company's shares emerged. The two major companies were the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, which were founded in 1602 and 1621. Other companies existed, but they were not as large and formed a small portion of the stock market. "
- Edward P. Stringham and Nicholas A. Kroet, "Oxford Handbook of Austrian Economics" [On the Origin of Stock Origin] (2015) 
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch pioneered many financial innovations, which helped lay the foundations of the modern financial system.  While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other component necessary to produce a fully developed capital market: the stock market. In the early 1600s, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public. According to Edward Stringham (2015), "Companies with transferable shares revert to classical Rome, but these generally did not support sustainable efforts and no secondary market existed (Neal, 1997, p. . 61). " Dutch East India. The company (founded in the year of 1602) was also the first joint stock company to receive a fixed capital stock and, as a result, continued trading in company stock on the Amsterdam Exchange. Shortly thereafter, a vibrant trade in various derivatives, from which options and repos emerged in the Amsterdam market. Dutch merchants also pioneered short sales - a practice that was banned in early 1610 by Dutch authorities.  Amsterdam-based businessman Joseph de la Vega Confusion de Confusion (1688)  was the earliest known book about stock trading and the first book on the internal functioning of the stock market (including the stock exchange).


The gathering on Wall Street (New York City) after the 1929 crash is one of the worst stock markets in history.
Now the world's largest markets are the stock markets of almost all developed and most developing economies in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands. 

Importance

"Even in the days before Perestroika, socialism was never unbroken. Within communist countries, the spectrum of socialism ranged from Yugoslavia, a quasi-market, quasi-constitutional system, to the centralized totalitarianism of neighboring Albania. I once asked Professor von Miesz, the great expert in the economics of socialism, whether he would designate a country as "socialist" on this spectrum of statisticalism. At the time, I was not sure that any clear criteria existed to make that kind of clear judges.

Festive

Festival : In Hinduism Dashain, Tihar and Chhat are most high range festival among other festival .All these festival are hit this year , and people are get together and spending their time with happy an d with their family .  

At Birgunj, Nepal , there organization of playing group during Dashain festival near Ghantaghar . Many people come and visit and played most of the wheeler and other elevators. They are very happy and spend their time at this place with playing . A festival is an event that is celebrated by a community and focuses on certain specific aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, fair, or Eid. A festival constitutes the interrelationship of high culture-low culture, along with specific cases of glocalization. Beyond religion and folklore, agriculture is an important root. Food is such an important resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Events in the autumn mix crops of religious remembrance and thanksgiving, such as Halloween in the Northern Hemisphere and Easter in the Southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in connection with remembrance or thanksgiving to deities. The ceremonies provide a sense for religious, social, or geographical groups to contribute to the group spirit. They can also provide entertainment, which was particularly important for local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals focusing on cultural or ethnic themes also seek to inform community members about their traditions; The participation of elders who share stories and experiences provides a means of unity among families.

In ancient Greece and Rome, festivals such as Saturalia were associated with social organization and political processes as well as religion.  In modern times, festivals may include strangers such as tourists, who are attracted to some of the more eccentric or historical ones. The Philippines is an example of modern society with many festivals, as each day of the year has at least one specific festival. There are more than 42,000 major and minor festivals in the country, most of which are specific to the barangay (village) level. 

Etimology

The term "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, which derives from Latin through Old French. [6] In Middle English, "festival dai" was a religious holiday.  Its first record as a noun was in 1589 (as" festifal ").  The noun first came into use around 1200,  and recorded its first as a verb The Gaya experiment was 1300.  The term "feast" is used in general secular analogy as a synonym for any large or elaborate meal. When used as a festival meaning, most often the film Or art Refers to a religious festival instead of Tsava. In the Philippines and many other former Spanish colonies, the Spanish word festival is used to denote a communal religious feast to honor a patron saint.

The traditions
Many festivals have a religious origin and have cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hasnah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal changes. Events of historical importance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events, also provide inspiration for a festival. An early example is the festival founded by Pharaoh Ramesses III of ancient Egypt, celebrating his victory over the Libyans.  In many countries, royal holidays commemorate hereditary events, such as agricultural holidays about harvest. Festivals are often celebrated annually.

There are many types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most result in consumption of specially prepared food (showing affinity for "feast") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. The list of national festivals is published to make participation easier. 

Types of festivals
Religious festival
Main article: Religious festival
Among many religions, a feast is a set of feasts in honor of the gods or God.  A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter, and Eid al-Adha are movable feasts - that is, determined by the lunar or agricultural cycle or the calendar in use at the time. For example, The Sed Festival celebrated the thirtieth year of Egyptian Pharaoh's rule and every three (or four in one case) years thereafter. Amidst the unrest, most of their traditional festivals are associated with gazetteer sites, which are believed to be sacred in their ancient forms with many rich biological resources. Thus, the annual commemoration of festivals helps maintain the buoyancy of a protected natural site, while assisting in biodiversity conservation. 

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two major feasts, properly known as the feast of our Lord (Christmas), and the Feast of Resurrection, (Easter). In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican litu. 

Art festival
Main article: Arts Festival
Many children of general art festivals also have specific types of festivals, including intellectual festivals or creative achievements such as science festivals, literary festivals, and music festivals. Sub-categories include Comedy Festival, Rock Festival, Jazz Festival and Buskers Festival; Poetry Festival,  Theater Festival, and Katha Festival; And Renaissance fairs such as Renaissance festivals. In the Philippines, aside from the many art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as National Art Month, the culmination of all arts festivals throughout the archipelago. 

Film festivals include screenings of many different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most important film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival.

Food festival
Main article: Food Festival
Food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the production of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals focus on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specialty drinking festivals, such as Okturfest, famous in Germany for beer. Many countries organize festivals to celebrate alcohol. An example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais Nauvoo, which includes worldwide shipping of new wine for a release date on the third Thursday of November each year.  Both Beaujolais nouveau and Japanese rice wine sake have been associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drink.

Seasonal and harvest festival
Seasonal festivals, such as the belten, are determined by the solar and lunar calendars and cycles of seasons, particularly due to its effect on the food supply, resulting in a wide range of ancient and modern harvests. Ancient Egyptians relied on seasonal floods caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation that provided fertile land for crops.  In the Alps, the return of cattle from mountain pastures to stables in the valley in the autumn is celebrated as Almabatrib. A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is determined by the lunar calendar, and is celebrated from the second New Moon day after the winter solstice. The sports festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from 4 to 7 July to pray for the bumper harvest. 

Midsummer or St. John's Day is an example of a seasonal festival, which relates to the celebration of a Christian saint's feast as well as the time of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals provide an opportunity to be used to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local items.

NCP student wing cadres thrash college chief

Kathmandu, November 19

Tri-Chandra College Chief Pradeep Bahadur Neupane was mercilessly beaten up today by members of the student  wing affiliated to the ruling Nepal Communist Party for raising fees of science and humanities streams. Neupane was rushed to the National Trauma Centre after the assoult, as he suffered injuries to his right shoulder. He has since been discharged.

Neupane was sitting in his office when around 30 members of the All Nepal National Free Students' Union barged into his room at around 11:30 am by kicking the door open. One of them instantly  kicked him and he fell to the ground. Others then grabbed him by arms, threatened to punch him, shouted at him at the top of their lungs and used foul language, according to Neupane.

"Many of them were not even college students,"Neupane said." Yet I tried to bring them to reason, but nobody listened to me. And there was I could get help as my colleagues were barred from entering the room while security personnel were not even allowed to enter the building."

The Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, more colloquially known as the Tri-Chandra College, is a constituent campus of Tribhuvan University in Ghantaghar, Kathmandu. Found by Chandra Shamsher in 1918, it is the oldest institution of higher education in Nepal.

The present name Tri-Chandra is a small combination of two words: Tribhuvan, Maharaj Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah and Rana for Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher. The college was originally named Tribhuvan Chandra Intermediate Campus, but was later renamed to its current name. 

The first institute of higher education in Nepal, the Tri-Chandra College, was established in 1918. The college introduced science at the intermediate level a year later, marking the origins of formal science education in the country. However, until the advent of democracy in 1951, the college was not accessible to the general public, but was available only to a few of the "elite" members of the Rana regime. The main objective of imparting science at that time was to prepare students for further study in technical subjects like medicine, engineering, agriculture, forestry, etc. in India. Science teaching on Tri-Chandra was upgraded to undergraduate level (BSc) in 1945. Trip-Chandra was originally affiliated to Calcutta University, then Patna University, before being formed at Tribhuvan University from 1959. 

Educational
The college offers several programs in science and humanities. In science, it runs BSc and MSc programs; While in the humanities, it offers BA and MA programs.

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Nepali Department
Philosophy and Psychology Department
Faculty of Science
Geology department
Meteorological department
Physics Department
Math department
Statistics department
Department of Chemistry
Environmental science department
Department of Zoology
Department of Botany
Department of Microbiology
Sociology department
Notable alumni
Some famous college graduates are:

Sagar Sapkota
Dayanand Bajaracharya
Gagan Thapa
Girija Prasad Koirala
Kanak Mani Dixit
Total Gautam
Lakshmi Prasad Devkota
Nabindra Raj Joshi
Narayan Gopal
Ram Raj Pant
Rishikesh Shah
Cloud officer

Nepal Communist Party (NCP) is the ruling political party in Nepal and the largest communist party in South Asia and the third largest party in Asia. It was founded on 17 May 2018, by the unification of two leftist parties, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center). After 8 months of planning, integration was completed by the Party Unification Coordination Committee. The two preceding parties were subsequently disbanded, paving the way for a new united party. The party retains the CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist), the electoral symbol of the Sun. The party is the largest political party out of the House of Representatives, the National Assembly and all seven provincial assemblies. KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister of Nepal from 15 February 2018. Mr. Pushpa Kamal Dahal is currently the working president of the party and another president of the party is KP Sharma Oli.

The background
On 3 October 2017, the two major communist parties, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center), as well as the new Shakti Party, announced an alliance for the upcoming Legislative and Provincial elections. The three parties also announced plans for post-election integration with the formation of a Coordinating Coordination Committee. On 14 October 2017, the Naya Shakti Party broke the alliance citing differences with both parties.  The alliance between the two parties won a majority in the House of Representatives and in six of the seven provincial assemblies. After the elections, it was decided that the CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist) would get chief ministers in province number 1, province number 3, province number 4 and province number 5 and CPN (Maoist Center) would get chief ministers. Province number 6 and province number 7. The party also won a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly. After the formation of the Federal Parliament of Nepal, Khadg Prasad Oli, leader of the parliamentary party of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), was sworn in as Prime Minister on 15 February 2018.  To begin with the formation of the original Communist Party of Nepal in 1949, the merger of the two parties was announced on 22 April 2018, but citing insufficient time to resolve the remaining issues Integration was halted.

Integration
The CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and CPN (Maoist Center) dissolved their central committees on 17 May 2018 and the new party was formed on the same day. Khadg Prasad Oli and Pushpa Kamal Dahal will serve as joint presidents of the party until a general conference is held. After Nepal's Election Commission refused to register the new party, the party changed its name to Nepal Communist Party (NCP) as another party called Communist Party of Nepal was already Commission registered.

Central organization
Secretariat
A nine-member secretariat (also known as the High Command) of the party has been formed. It contains:

President: Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Kharag Prasad Oli
General Secretary: Bishnu Prasad Paudel
Members: Madhav Kumar Nepal, Jhala Nath Khanal, Bamdev Gautam, Narayan Kazi Shrestha, Ishore Pokharel, Ram Bahadur Thapa.
Politburo
A 135-member Politburo will be formed after the Standing Committee and Central Committee are formed.

standing Committee
The 45-member standing committee of the Central Political Bureau consists of 26 members of the CPN (UML) and 19 members of the CPN (Maoist Center).

Central committee
The Central Committee has a total of 441 members, including 241 Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and 200 Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center)

Lower level organizations
Provincial Committees: 151-member committee for each of the seven provinces 
District Committees: 77-member committee for each of 77 districts 
Metropolitan Committees
Sub-metropolitan committees 
Municipal Committees 
Rural Municipal Committees 

Ward Committees 

Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence, science or philosophy of law. Jurisprudence can be divided into three branches: analytical, sociological and theoretical. The analytical branch expresses axioms, defines terms, and determines methods that enable it best to view the legal order as an intrinsically coherent, logical system. The sociological branch examines the real effects of law within society and the impact of social events on critical and procedural aspects of law. The theoretical branch evaluates the law and criticizes it in terms of the ideals or goals set for it.

Jurisprudence or legal theory is the theoretical study of law. Scholars of jurisprudence seek to explain the nature of law in its most general form in its most general form and provide a deeper  understanding of legal reasoning, legal systems, legal institutions, and the role of law in society. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of natural law, civil law, and the law of nations. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems internal to law and legal systems and problems of law as a social institution that relates to the larger political and social context in which it exists.

History
Ancient Indian jurisprudence finds mention in various theology texts, beginning with the Dharmasutra of Bhodhayana. 

In ancient China, Daoust, Confucian, and Legalist all had principles of jurisprudence. 

Jurisprudence originated with (perity) in ancient Rome - José Mos Myram (traditional law), an institution of oral laws and customs.

The Praetors established an executive body of laws, which showed whether single cases were able to be prosecuted for addicta, the yearly utterance of the crime of prosecution, or in exceptional situations, additions made by Edicta. An Iudex will then write a remedy according to the facts of the case.

The sentences of the Idex were thought to be simple interpretations of traditional customs, but in addition to considering what traditional customs apply in each case — a more equitable interpretation was soon developed for new social exertion. Follows the law favorably. While in traditional mode, law was then accommodated with developed institutions (legal concepts). The praetors were replaced in the third century BCE by a cheerful body of priors. Entry into this body was conditional on proof of competence or experience.

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the practice of law became more academic. From the early Roman Empire to the third century, a relevant body of literature was produced by scholarly groups, including Proculians and Sabinians. The scientific nature of studies was unprecedented in ancient times.

From the 3rd century onwards, juris prudentia became a more bureaucratic activity with some notable writers. It was during the Eastern Roman Empire (5th century) that legal studies were once again deeply done, and it is from this cultural movement that Justinian Corpus Juris Civilis was born.

Natural law
In its general sense, natural law theory can be compared to both the state's nature law and the common law, which are understood to be based on conformity with the laws of physics. Natural law is often the opposite of positive law which claims law as the product of human activity and human ambition.

Another approach to natural-law jurisprudence generally asserts that human law must be in response to compelling reasons for action. There are two readings of the natural-law jurisprudential stance.

The strong natural law thesis holds that if a human law fails to respond to compelling reasons, it is not properly a "law". It is captured, imperfectly, in the famous maxim: lex iniusta non ist lex (an unjust law is no law).
The weak natural law thesis holds that if a human law fails to respond to compelling reasons, it may still be called a "law", but must be recognized as a defective law.
The notion of an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, undergoes natural law. What is right or wrong can vary according to the interests focused on it. John Finis, one of the most important of modern natural lawyers,  has argued that the maxim "an unjust law is no law" is a poor guide to classical Thomist status.


Strongly related to the principles of natural law are the classical principles of justice, which begin in the West with the Republic of Plato.

Aristotle is often called the father of natural law. Like his philosophical ancestors Socrates and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of natural justice or natural authority (Dickian Physicon, κικαίον κόικόν, Latin Ice Nutella). His engagement with the natural method is largely due to how he was understood by Thomas Aquinas.  It was based on Aquinas' confrontation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle presents in the Book of Nicomachian Ethics (Book IV of Eudemian Ethics). Aquinas's influence was to influence many early translations of these passages, although more recent translations influenced them more literally. 

Aristotle's theory of justice is tied into his idea of ​​the golden meaning. In fact, his treatment of what he calls "political justice" derives from the discussion of "the just" as a moral virtue derived from the meaning between contradictions, just as he Describes every other quality.  His longest discussion of his theory of justice occurs in Nicomachian ethics and begins by asking what a just act is. He argues that the term "justice" actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and special justice.  When a person's actions towards others are purely virtuous in all respects, Aristotle calls them "just" in the sense of "general justice"; In this way, this idea of ​​justice is more or less consistent with virtue. "Particular" or "partial justice", in contrast, is part of "general justice" or personal virtue that is related to treating others equally. 

From this inept discourse of justice, Aristotle proceeds to a worthy view of political justice, by which he means closer to the subject of modern jurisprudence. In political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly the subject of convention.  This can be taken as a statement that is similar to the views of modern natural law theorists. But it must also be remembered that Aristotle is describing the view of morality, not the system of law, and therefore his commentary as to nature is about the basis of morality enacted as law, not law itself.


The best evidence of Aristotle's view was a natural law that comes from the Rastoric, where Aristotle noted that, different from the "special" laws that each people established for themselves, there is a "common" law that is nature. Is according to The context of this comment, however, only suggests that Aristotle thought it might be logically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "special" laws of one's own city Was contrary to the case of K, not actually being so. Such a law.  In addition, Aristotle considered some candidates for the universally valid, natural law to be wrong.  Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed.