INTERFACE

The interface of a book or anything is inside the contents of particular objects. The first part contains the preface, short notes, and a simple description of the book. The second part is acknowledge which tells about the book. The third part is the content that is the subject of the book that is inside the book and is summarized topically and numerically by the content. The last part is the index of the book or also called the glossary which contains brief notification of specific and difficult words.

In computing, an interface is a shared boundary in which information is exchanged between two or more different components of a computer system. Exchange can occur between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and a combination of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as touchscreens, can send and receive data through an interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone can only provide an interface to send data to a given system.

Hardware interface

Main article: hardware interface

Hardware interfaces exist in many components, such as various buses, storage devices, other I / O devices, etc. A hardware interface is characterized by mechanical, electrical, and logical signals to interface and protocols for sequencing them (sometimes called signaling). A standard interface, such as SCSI, decouples the design and introduction of computing hardware, such as I / O devices, from the design and introduction of other components of the computing system, allowing users and manufacturers much to implement computing systems. Get flexibility. Hardware interfaces can be parallel with multiple electrical connections that carry parts of data simultaneously, or serial where data is sent one bit at a time. 

Software interface

See also: Application binary interface and application programming interface

A software interface can refer to a wide range of different types of interface at different "levels": an operating system can interface with pieces of hardware. Applications or programs running on the operating system may need to interact through data streams, filters, and pipelines;  And in object oriented programs, objects within the application may need to interact through methods. 

A key principle of design is to prevent access to all resources by default, allowing access only through well-defined entry points, namely interfaces. Software interfaces provide access to computer resources (such as memory, CPU, storage, etc.) of the underlying computer system; Direct access to such resources by software (ie, not through well-designed interfaces) can have major implications - sometimes disastrous for functionality and stability. 

Differences between software components can provide constants, data types, types of processes, exception specifications, and method signatures. Sometimes, public variables are also defined as part of the interface. 

The interface of a software module A is intentionally defined separately from the implementation of that module. The latter contains the actual code of the processes and methods described in the interface, as well as other "private" variables, processes, and more. Another software module B, for example customer A, which interacts with A, is forced to do so. Only through the published interface. A practical advantage of this arrangement is that B should not fail to replace A's implementation by another implementation of the same interface - how A serves the needs internally is not relevant to B, which Interface is only related to specifications. (See also Liskov substitution theory.)

In object-oriented languages

Main article: Protocol (Object-Oriented Programming) and Concept (General Programming)

In some object-oriented languages, especially those without complete multiple inheritance, the term interface is used to define an abstract type that contains no data but defines the behavior as a method signature. A class that contains code and data for all methods corresponding to that interface, and declaring so implements that interface.  Furthermore, even in single-inheritance-languages, one can implement multiple interfaces, and so can be of different types at the same time. 

An interface is thus a type definition; Any object can be exchanged (for example, in a function or method call) from an implemented interface or base-class, instead of specifying the specific class that is to be exchanged. Can be defined as one. This approach means that any class that implements that interface can be used. For example, a dummy implementation can be used to allow development before the final implementation is available. In another case, a mock or mock implementation can be substituted during testing. Such stub implementation is replaced by the actual code later in the development process.Usually a method defined in an interface has no code and thus cannot be called itself; It should be implemented by non-abstract code when applicable. [Citation needed] An interface called "stack" can define two methods: push () and pop (). It can be implemented in different ways, for example, FastStack and GenericStack — the first being faster, working with a fixed-size data structure, and the second using a data structure that can be shaped , But at the cost of some reduced speed.

However interfaces can have many methods in which they cannot have only one or even one. For example, the Java language defines an interface that is readable that has a single read () method; Different implementations are used for different purposes, including Bufferreader, FileReader, InputStreamReader, PipedReader, and StringReader. Marker interfaces such as serializable have no methods and serve to provide run-time information for normal processing using reflection.

Interface for programming

Allows to use interfaces for a programming style called programming for interfaces. The idea behind this approach is to base programming logic on the interfaces of the objects used, rather than on internal implementation details. The programming implementation on the interface reduces dependency on nuances and makes the code more reusable.

To top this idea, the inverse of the control leaves the context to inject the code that will be used to work with the specific implementation of the interface.

Missed Calls

MISSED CALLS

It is not received call, when a telephone perform intentionally or by mistake . It is horrible when some in danger but receiver do not receive the telephone. Sometimes , someone wants to bluff the person then they will perform missed calls. It will let people to angry. In lovers when lover missed call to his or her they get playing around by missed calls and saying so sorry by not receiving phone calls.

Missed calls have been adopted as a method of mobile permission marketing, known as missed call marketing (MCM).  MCM campaigns take advantage of how cellular providers can deliver unlimited incoming calls and text messages: advertisements contain instructions for customers to make missed calls to a particular number. The number can be configured to automatically hang the caller when dialing.  The number then returns calls or texts with supplementary material, such as product information, offers, or sponsored celebrity messages. Advertisers can retain callers' phone numbers to create customer databases, which can be used for future engagement and analytics. 

MCM is a major practice in India, where it appeals to the country's cultural and economic environment. At least 90% of all cellular phone users in India are on prepaid services, feature phones are still common,  Internet access is not widely available in some rural areas , And following is market penetration for mobile broadband services.  Along with advertising, missed call numbers are also used for other services, such as telephone banking, as well as program listings and viewer votes by television channels. 

There are several companies that specialize in MCM, including Flashcall, VivaConnect, and Zipdial. The zipdial was popularized by cricket scores and missed call services for Anna Hazare's anti-corruption movement; The company was acquired by Twitter in 2015 for a price between US $ 20 and $ 40 million, after serving more than 415 million calls in its first three years of operation.  In 2014, social networking service Facebook announced that it would support missed call numbers as an ad format, with its advertisements in emerging markets such as Brazil, India, Indonesia and South Africa. As part of the effort to grow the business. The company partnered with ZipDial and later VivonConnect to offer this service. 

In 2013, Hindustan Unilever launched Cannes Khajura Tesan (earworm radio), a missed call service that plays blocks of Hindi entertainment content (such as Bollywood music and devotionals), intercepted with advertisements for the company's brands is. Unilever aimed the service as a way to engage consumers in markets unaware of media and Internet communications (such as Bihar, where the service was described as the state's most popular "radio station"); By 2015, it had achieved 200 million raids. Companies that are not direct rivals of Unilever were also allowed to advertise on the service;  The campaign to promote the film Singham Returns through Cannes Khajura Tesan generated 1 calls million calls.  In 2014, Kan Khajura Tesan earned two Gold Cannes Lions in the media for "using audio" and "using mobile devices", and a third in mobile for "response / real time activity". In 2015, the campaign won the Bronze Lion for "Creative Effectiveness". 

MCM has faced criticism; Purani warned that "as the misuse of advertising leads to direct mail and telemarketing contributing to problems related to spamming, MCM runs the risk of being ingrained into marketing tools by a large number of phone users."  High-end brand. MCMs are considered unsuitable to target their respective markets.  Flashcall found that the concept was not viable in areas where missed calls were not an established social practice, such as the United States (where smartphones and mobile broadband are widely available). 

During the Indian anti-corruption movement in 2011, citizens could support Anna Hazare's campaign through a zip code. The number received 4.5 million calls, significantly increasing the number of Facebook likes and Twitter retweets that campaign posts received online. 

In January 2013, a protest was held against high mobile Internet rates in Bangladesh, with protesters exchanging millions of missed calls in an attempt to overload the cellular network simultaneously.

In 2014, the Aam Aadmi Party of India used missed call numbers for its recruitment drive. In less than a month, the line was used to recruit 700,000 new members. 

On 31 January 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's monthly radio address Mann Ki Baat became available on the phone through a missed call number. A government official said that from 31 January to 23 February 2016, more than 30 million calls were made, and 20 million unique calls were returned.

Missed calls have been used for fraudulent purposes in a scam called "Wangiri" or "One Ring and Cut". A scammer leaves a missed call using an international premium rate phone number, which tempts the recipient to call back and is charged as such.